Unjustified damage to a person's reputation or honour vis-à-vis others by gestures, verbal or written statements or the dissemination of documents that he or she should have known to be false. The right to a reputation is protected by the Charter of Human Rights and Freedoms. In the case of defamation, two fundamental rights are confronted: on the one hand, freedom of expression and on the other hand the right to respect for reputation. Defamation engages the civil liability of its author.